VercatusHow canonical URLs and hreflang work together
Each language version must list itself and all alternates with reciprocal hreflang links, or the annotations may be ignored; with hreflang, Google says to specify a canonical in the same language (or the best substitute), and it prefers URLs that are part of hreflang clusters when choosing canonicals. Translated pages are duplicates only if the main content is in the same language; for same-language regional variants use both canonicalization and hreflang. A declared canonical is a hint, not a rule.
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AGrade A: official documentation or a standard. A grade describes the provenance of the sources above; it is not a probability that a change will work. The effect basis says how the size of the effect is known: measured by a study, taken from an industry report, only documented without a size, or not quantified.
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